Take Home Final Exam important information

If you need to turn exam in early, have administrative assistant across from Payne Hall vending machines to place it in my box.  Otherwise, I will collect all exams no later than Thursday, December 3rd from 9:30am to 10:45am in Paybe Hall room 207.  Written exam will be given on Wednesday, December 9th at 8am in Payne Hall room 207 for those who do not turn in their exams on this Thursday!  Written exam will be taken from the study guides for each test.

Music Analysis Terms Guide

1.       Melody –

Conjunct melody –

Disjunct melody –

2.       Rhythm –

Triple Meter –

Quadruple Meter –

Nonmetric –

Syncopation –

3.       Harmony - 
                 Consonant
                       Dissonant
                       Major
                       Minor

4.     Texture –

Monophony –

Homophony –

Polyphony –

5.        Form –

Repetition –

Variation –

Contrast –

Strophic form –

Binary form –

Ternary form –

Call-and-response –

6.       Tempo –

Grave –

Largo –

Adagio –

Andante –

Moderato –

Allegro –

Vivace –

Presto –

7.       Dynamics –

Pianissimo –

Piano –

Mezzo piano –

Mezzo forte –

Forte –

Fortissimo –

Crescendo –

Decrescendo or diminuendo –

Sforzando –

8.       Timbre –

Voice Parts    

Soprano –

Mezzo-soprano –

Alto (contralto) –

Tenor –

Baritone –

Bass –

Chorus –

A cappella –

Instrument Families

String Family   Woodwind Family   Brass Family   Percussion   Keyboard Family

Aerophones –

Chordophones –

Idiophones –

Membranophones –

Chamber Ensemble (define and give examples) –

Symphony Orchestra –

Concert band –

Marching band –

Jazz band –

Rock band –

Genre –

                        Sacred -
                        Secular - 

Medium – 

Study Guide: Chapters 8-11

Chapters 8-11 Worksheet

TEST THURSDAY, OCTOBER 29

1.     What is musical timbre (tone color)?

2.     What are the properties of sound? (4)

3.     What influences the timbre of an instrument? (3)

4.     What are two ways to produce music?

5.     What is the most natural of all musical instruments and the most widely used?

6.     What is the highest female vocal range?

7.     What is the lowest male vocal range?

8.     What is the mid-ranged female vocal range

9.     What is the highest male vocal range?

10.  What is the mid-ranged male vocal range?

11.  What is the lowest female vocal range?

12.  What are the four categories of instruments and how is sound produce from each?

13.  What is EMBOUCHURE?

14.  What two families of instruments use EMBOUCHURE?

15.  What is a CHORUS?

16.  What voice parts are normally used in a chorus?

17.  What does a capella mean?

18.  What is CHAMBER MUSIC? 

19.  What is the trait of chamber music?

20.  What are the two definitions for the word SYMPHONY?
21. What are the families of instruments?  

22.  The ___________ family is the heart of the symphony orchestra.

23.  Describe the following ensembles in detail:

       a.     Concert band

       b.     Jazz Band

       c.     Marching Band

       d.     Rock Band

24.  What is a conductor? 

25.  What are the duties of a conductor? 

26.  What is a composer? 

27.  What is a composition?

28.  What is form? 
29. What is medium?
30. What is genre?

31.  What is sacred music? 

32.  What is secular music?

33.  Preservation of music without the aid of written notation is called _________________________.

34.  What is style? 

35.  The individualized treatment of the _____________________________ makes one musical work sound similar to or different from another.

36.  What 5 influences can the shape of an artist?

Class Notes: Chapters 8-11 Test Thursday, October 29

Chapter 8– Voices and Musical Instrument Families

People produce music vocally (by singing or chanting) or by playing a musical instrument.

The Voice as Instrument

1. Human voice is the most natural of all musical instruments and the most widely used.
2. Each person voice has a particular quality (or character), and range.
3. Vocal ranges (highest to lowest)
1. Soprano: highest female voice
2. Mezzo-soprano: mid female voice range
3. Alto (contralto): lowest female voice
4. Tenor: highest male voice
5. Baritone: mid male voice range
6. Bass: lowest male voice
4. The human voice has served as a model for instrument builders and players who have sought to duplicate its lyric beauty, expressiveness, and ability to produce vibrato (expressive throbbing effect) on their instruments.

Musical Timbre

1. Property of sound include pitch, duration, volume and timbre (tone color)
1. Musical timbre (tone color) – The quality of a sound that distinguishes one voice or instrument from another.
2. Timbre is influenced by size, shape, and proportions of the instrument, the material from which it is made, and the manner in which the vibration is produced.

An instrument is a mechanism that generates musical vibrations and range (the lowest to the highest tone) and dynamic range (the degree of softness or loudness beyond which the voice or instrument cannot go.)

2. A specific area in the range of an instrument or voice, such as low, middle, or high, is its register.

The World of Musical Instruments

1. Instrument Categories
1. Aerophones – produce sound by using air
2. Chordophones – produce sound from a vibrating string stretched between two points (stings may move by bowing, plucking, or striking)
3. Idiophones – produce sound from the substance of the instrument itself (may be struck, shaken, scraped, or rubbed)
4. Membranophones – drum-type instruments that are sounded from tightly stretched membranes (can be struck, plucked, rubbed, or even sung into)

Chapter 9 – Western Musical Instruments

String Instruments: chordophones; these four string instruments are the “heart of the orchestra”

1. Violin
2. Viola
3. Violoncello (cello)
4. Double bass (bass)

Other string instruments

1. Harp
2. Guitar
1. Acoustic – made of wood
1. Folk music, popular (pop) music, as well as classical music
2. Electric – electronically amplified instrument
1. Jazz, popular (pop) music, rock music
3. Banjo
4. Mandolin

Woodwind Instruments: Aerophones; produce sound with a column of air vibrating within a pipe that has finger holes along its length. 

Embouchure (entire oral mechanism of lips, lower facial muscles, and jaw) is important when playing woodwind instruments.

Woodwind Instruments with No Reeds

1. Flute
2. Piccolo

Single Reed Woodwind Instruments

1. Clarinet
2. Bass clarinet
3. Saxophone
1. Soprano sax
2. Alto sax
3. Tenor sax
4. Baritone sax
1. Used occasionally in the orchestra, and more prominently in jazz band and popular (pop) music

Double Reed Woodwind Instruments

1. Oboe
2. English horn (Alto oboe)
3. Bassoon
4. Contrabassoon

Brass Instruments – Aerophones/ cup-shaped mouthpiece attached to a length of metal tubing that flares at the end into a bell. 

Embouchure (entire oral mechanism of lips, lower facial muscles, and jaw) is important when playing brass instruments. 

1. Trumpet
2. French horn
3. Trombone (large trumpet)
4. Tuba

Other brass instruments

1. Cornet
2. Bugle
3. Fluegelhorn
4. Euphonium
5. Sousaphone

Keyboard Instruments

1. Piano (pianoforte) – percussion and string instrument
2. Organ - Type of wind instrument
3. Harpsichord
4. Clavichord

Chapter 10– Musical Ensembles

Choral Groups – choral music is sung around the world (sacred music & secular music)

1. Chorus – a fairly large body of singers who perform together
1. Music is usually sung in several voice parts
2.  Gender specific, mixed voices, children’s choir
3.  Choir – traditionally a smaller group often connected with a church or with the performance of sacred (religious) music
2. Madrigal choir and chamber choir are smaller, specialized vocal ensembles
3. Both chorus and choir have soprano, alto, tenor, and bass (SATB) voice parts.
4.  A capella (in the chapel) – without accompaniment

Instrumental  Chamber Ensembles

1. Chamber music – ensemble music for a group of two to about a dozen players, with only one player to a part – as distinct from orchestral music, in which a single instrumental part may be performed by as many as eighteen players or more
2. The essential trait of chamber music is its intimacy
3. Different combinations for ensembles: Duos, trios, quartets, quintet, sextet, septet, and octet

The Orchestra

Symphony Orchestra – an ensemble of strings coupled with an assortment of woodwinds, brass, and percussion instruments.

Symphony – four movement orchestral work

1. Each movement has a form (structure)
1. String instruments are featured as the core of the symphony orchestra. 
2. Instruments of the orchestra are arranged to achieve the best balance of tone. 
1. Most of the strings are near the front, as are the gentle woodwinds.
2. The louder brass and percussion are at the back.

Concert, Jazz, and Rock Bands

Band is a generic name applied to a variety of ensembles, most of which features winds and percussion at their core. 

Concert band – wind ensemble found in schools, colleges, universities

Marching band – found in schools, colleges, universities, sports events, parades.  Often features remnants from its military origins, including a display of drum majors (or majorettes), flags, and rifles

Jazz bands – generally includes reed section made up of saxophones and an occasional clarinet, a brass section of trumpets and trombones, and a rhythm section of percussion, piano, double pass, and electric guitar.

Rock bands – typically feature amplified guitars, percussion, and synthesizers.

Role of the Conductor

Conductor – leader of large ensembles (such as an orchestra), concert band, or chorus

1. Conductors beat time in standard metric patterns to help the performers keep the same tempo.  May use a thin stick known as a baton, which is easy to see
2. Conductor also interprets the music for the group.
1. Decides the tempo, dynamics
3. Conductors rehearse ensembles in practice sessions, helping the musicians to learn and interpret their individual parts.

Process that a musical work undergoes before you hear it:

1. Composition/Work is composed (written) by the composer (person who writes music)
2. During rehearsals the musicians and conductors practices/interprets the composition
3. During the performance, the listener hears/enjoys the work

Chapter 11 – Style and Function of Music in Society

Musical genres (categories)

1. Sacred music (religious music)
2. Secular music (nonreligious music)

Aesthetic judgments varies from culture to culture

1. Chinese consider a thin, tense vocal tone desirable in their operas while Italians prefer a full throated, robust sound in theirs

Music of most cultures of the world is transmitted by example or by imitation and is performed from memory

1. Oral transmission – preservation of music without the aid of written notation

The Concept of Style

1. Style – the characteristic way an artwork is presented; the artist’s personal manner of expression – the distinctive flavor that sets one artist apart from all others
1. A style is made up of pitch, time, timbre, and expression, creating a sound that each culture recognizes as its own
1. Individualized treatment of the elements of music makes one musical work sound similar to or different from another – PITCH (melody, harmony, texture); TIME (rhythm); TIMBRE (tone color); EXPRESSION (dynamics, tempo)
1. Western music vs. Other cultures
1. Musical Styles in History
2. Musical styles (or art styles in general) change from one age to the next, and each historical period has its own stylistic characteristics.  Because of this we can tell at once that a musical work (or any art) dates from the Middle Ages or the eighteenth century
3. Artistic, political, economic, religious, and philosophical influences shape the work of an artist.

Chapters 5-7 Study Guide - Test October 1, 2015

1.      What is texture?

2.      How does texture in music compare with the weave of a fabric?

3.      Describe the following:

a.      Monophony

b.      Homophony

c.      Polyphony

4.      What is imitation?

a.      What are two examples of imitation?

5.      What is form in a composition?

6.      Why is form in a composition important?

7.      What are the three basic elements of form?  Name and describe them.

8.      What were are the three types of form in class?  Name and describe them.

9.      What is improvisation?

10. In what type music is improvisation prevalent?

11. What is a theme?

12. What is thematic development?

13. List and describe ways to develop a theme.

14. Explain call-and-response.

15. What is an ostinato pattern?

16. What is tempo?

17. Give the Italian tempo equivalent of the following:

a.      Solemn

b.      Broad

c.      Quite slow

d.      Walking pace

e.      Moderate

f.       Cheerful

g.      Lively

h.      Very fast

18. What are dynamics?

19. Give the Italian dynamic equivalent of the following (include abbreviations and symbols as well)

a.      Very soft

b.      Very loud

c.      Soft

d.      Loud

e.      Medium loud

f.       Medium soft

g.      Growing softer (2 words)

h.      Accented or “forcing”

i.        Growing louder

20. How does tempo and dynamic enhance a composition?

21. Why are most tempo and dynamic markings traditionally given in Italian?

Class Notes: Chapter 5-7 TEST 3 Thursday, Oct. 1, 2015

Chapter 5– Musical Texture

Texture – interweaving of the melodic lines with harmony in music

Monophony – single melody (or voiced music) with no harmony
Can be accompanied by rhythm and percussion instruments, but focus is on the single melody (ex. Chant)

Homophony – single voice is prominent over the accompanying lines, or voices

Homophony is based on harmony.  Usually chords support and the melody is highlighted

Polyphony (“many-voiced” texture) – two or more independent melodic lines that are played simultaneously.  Polyphony is based on counterpoint (one musical line set against another)

Imitation – melodic idea is presented in one voice, then restated in another voice.  While the imitating voice restates the melody, the first voice continues with new material.  Imitation is a common unifying technique in polyphony

Canons and rounds are two types of entirely imitative works. (ex. Row, Row, Row Your Boat)

Chapter 6– Musical Form

Form refers to a work’s structure or shape, the way the elements of a composition have been combined, or balanced, by the composer to make it understandable to the listener. 

Form is the organizing principle in music; its basic elements are repetition, variation, and contrast.

1.     Basic structural elements of music: Repetition, Variation, and Contrast

a.     Repetition: fixes the material in our minds and satisfies our need for the familiar

b.     Variation: some aspect of the music are altered but the original is still recognizable

c.      Contrast: stimulates our interest and feeds our desire for change.

Strophic form:  common in songs, features repeated music for each stanza of text. 

What makes each piece of music unique is the way the composer adapts a general plan to create a wholly individual combination. 

Improvisation: pieces created spontaneously in performance (ex. Jazz, Rock, Gospel)

Two-Part and Three-Part Form – basic structures in music common in short pieces such as songs and dances.

a.   Two-part or Binary form (A-B) – based on a statement and a departure, without a return to the complete opening section.

b.   Three-Part or Ternary form (A-B-A) – extends the idea of statement and departure by bringing back the first section.

Theme: a melodic idea used as a building block in the construction of a larger musical work. 

Thematic Development: The expansion of a theme, achieved by varying its melodic outline, rhythm, or harmony.  This is an important technique in composition and requires imagination and craft on the part of the composer.  Thematic Development is used in larger complex works.

Ways to Develop a Theme

1.     Repetition – simply repeating the theme over and over

3.     The theme can be broken into small, component fragments called motives. 

Call-and-response (or responsorial) music, a repetitive style involving a soloist and a group. 

Ostinato is the repetition of a short melodic, rhythmic, or harmonic pattern

Chapter 7– Musical Expression: Tempo and Dynamics

Composers indicate tempo and dynamics in music as means of expression

Tempo and dynamic markings are traditionally given in Italian.  This practice reflects the domination of Italian music in Europe during the period from around 1600-1750, when performance directions were established.

Tempo is the rate of speed, or pace, of the music

Grave – solemn (very, very slow)

Largo – broad (very slow)

Adagio – quite slow

Andante – walking pace

Moderato – moderate

Allegro – fast (cheerful)

Vivace – lively

Presto – very fast

Dynamics describe the volume, or how loud or soft the music is played

Pianissimo (pp) – very soft        

Piano (p) – soft

Mezzo piano (mp) – moderately soft

Forte (f) – loud

Mezzo forte (mf) – moderately loud

Fortissimo (ff) – very loud

Crescendo – growing louder

Decrescendo or diminuendo – growing softer

Sforzando (sf) – “forcing” accent on a single note or chord (>)